80/20 Version

Welcome to the first “80/20 version” of a book ever written! Since most people are busy and do not want to take the time to read a full-length book, this is a condensed version of God’s Rainbow Connection: Fractal Code and Resurrection that contains about 20 printed pages of content and a list of approximately 375 references. It is based on the Pareto principle or 80/20 rule, which means that while it is less than 20% the length of a typical 300 page book (it actually is around 7%), it should have close to 80% of the value of the final version. This is especially true if someone is willing to follow all of the references which link to external webpages and video clips.

If you want to quickly get a sense of what the book is about, it is recommended that you first go to the book section of the About page and read the few paragraphs there. In addition, there is a summary of the book which is much shorter than this webpage.

Contents:

Introduction

The story of the book I am writing began when I got tired of the commercialism surrounding Christmas over ten years ago and wondered if there was more to Christianity then what I had learned growing up as a Baptist missionary kid in the Congo and the Philippines. When I started researching the various modern traditions connected with the holiday season, I came across information on atheist websites which also talked about the amount of wasted matter, energy, and space in the universe as well as how evolution can be explained completely by chance. I had seen some of their arguments before, but I realized I had not really thought about objections to Christianity very much.

I decided I needed to become neutral (or agnostic) and do more studying in order to figure out if it was reasonable to believe in God in the first place, even though it made me feel like I had lost my best friend. At the time I was not familiar with a quote frequently attributed to Werner Heisenberg, a scientist who won the Nobel Prize for discovering the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics. Heisenberg may (or may not) have said, “The first gulp from the glass of natural sciences will turn you into an atheist, but at the bottom of the glass God is waiting for you.”(1)

Despite any uncertainty surrounding the precise source of the quote, as I kept gulping knowledge I found out more and more about the fine-tuning of the universe. The most amazing example I learned of was the cosmological constant,(2) a force associated with dark energy and the increasing expansion of space which appears to be tuned to the astronomically small number of 10−120. This is equivalent to the size of half a grain of sand compared to the rest of the universe.(3) If this constant were a tiny bit stronger or weaker, all of the matter would have apparently rapidly expanded or collapsed shortly after the Big Bang, making life impossible. Several other finely-tuned constants(4)(5)(6) plus signs that the formation of the Moon (important to the development of life on Earth) was an extremely rare event(7) made it even more difficult to believe everything in the universe was a waste or the result of random accidents. On the other hand, Young Earth Creationism (YEC) and most of the ideas offered by the Intelligent Design movement seemed to be an incomplete “God of the gaps” story, so I kept studying.

A Comparison of Origin of Life Theories

The Bible and Fractals

One website discussing evidence for God from science also talked about how Passover reveals Jesus,(8) which surprised me because I thought it was a Jewish festival. So I learned how Jesus died at the exact time the lamb was killed according to the Bible’s instructions written around a thousand years earlier as well as how Passover and the rest of the Holy Days(9) foreshadow seven literal spiritual days of Yeshua (Jesus’ name in Hebrew which means “God’s salvation”). The sequence of the biblical Holy Days made more sense to me than modern traditions, and as I continued to study the Hebrew roots of Christianity I noticed other patterns of creation, separation, and restoration in the Torah (or instruction) seemed similar. This included the seven universal “days” of creation described in the beginning of the book of Genesis that are most commonly understood as representing ages or long periods of time.(10)(11) So I lined up the patterns in a table along with seven colors of light from the rainbow, the sign (or code) of the covenant promised to Noah and all living creatures by God. When I started showing it to a few people, one minister said the complex version of the table (which is located in the Appendix webpage) was the best one-page summary of the Bible he had seen.

As I was putting the table together I realized it was fractal, where each part has the same character as the whole but repeats at different scales. I already knew a little bit about self-similar fractal patterns and how they are found in math and nature, like tree trunks continually splitting into smaller and smaller branches, twigs, stems, and then smaller and smaller veins in leaves. Or rivers growing bigger and bigger through a system of streams and tributaries.(12)(13)(14) Rainbows are even fractal (see a diagram on the Summary webpage for details about how interfering light waves create supernumerary bands).(15)(16) More research uncovered that there were fractal patterns hidden everywhere in the biological language of life too, from how DNA is physically folded into three-dimensional globs of globules,(17) to how parts of the genome are encoded,(18)(19)(20) and to how networks of cells signal and synchronize together.(21)(22)(23)

I also discovered a few Jewish(24)(25) and Christian(26)(27)(28) people were seeing other examples of fractal text in the book of books called the Bible that explains how to operate in a fifth dimension of good and evil,(29) so I was not alone. Most importantly, I realized Yeshua was talking about God being fractal when He said, “I am the vine, you are the branches” almost two thousand years before the word was coined. It made sense a fractal God would be the best explanation for the emergence(30)(31)(32)(33) of a universe full of fractal patterns, including the famous Mandelbrot set which is composed of smaller connected fractals called Julia sets(34) and is known as the “thumbprint of God.” Interestingly, although the Mandelbrot Set is an infinitely complex two-dimensional slice of even higher-dimensional mathematics, it can be described with a simple formula (or code).

Mandelbrot Set Zooms Showing Quasi Self-Similarity

Information Theory and Biology

Once I was aware there were multiple kinds of fractal patterns in the Bible, I decided to write a book to share this knowledge with other people. However, as I did even more research, I came across information theory and its relationship with codes (which are systems of rules connecting symbols and meaning that allow something to represent something else)(35) and consciousness. This turned out to be the last gulp of science for me before the bottom of the glass in the quote attributed to Heisenberg, and it made me happy because it confirmed that a belief in God is rational (although it does not seem possible to conclusively demonstrate the existence of God or even other minds with science).(36)

“Information is information, not matter or energy. No materialism which does not admit this can survive at the present day.”— Norbert Wiener, MIT Mathematician and father of cybernetics

For instance, according to an engineer, business consultant, and bestselling author named Perry Marshall—who is helping to popularize ideas from a German information theorist named Werner Gitt(37)(38) and symbiotically integrating(39) them with the latest discoveries in systems biology—all codes humans know the origin of (i.e., almost all of them) have come from a mind. No one has ever found an example of a digital code that has been verified to come from a purely material source, although Perry Marshall has created a prize potentially worth 10 million dollars to search for an exception.(40)(41) Until someone does, it is reasonable and logical to infer a 100 percent connection between consciousness and the emergence of the genetic code in DNA (where for example a sequence of three adenine or “A” nucleobases symbolically represents the amino acid lysine),(42)(43) which at this point is of unknown origin.

“The existence of a genome and the genetic code divides living organisms from non-living matter. There is nothing in the physico-chemical world that remotely resembles reactions being determined by a sequence and codes between sequences.”— Hubert Yockey, Physicist and information theorist

This type of logic is known as inductive reasoning(44)(45) and is often used in philosophical statements like the premise “all humans are mortal” (even if it only ends up being one part of a larger deductive syllogism).(46) It is also used to derive scientific phenomena like Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation from experimental observations.(47) In short, the science of information theory and what linguists refer to as the “Einstein gulf”(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53) plus the encoding/decoding table of the genetic code shows God almost certainly exists unless proven otherwise.(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)

“The Atheist’s Riddle: ‘Show me a language that does not come from a mind.’ It’s so simple any child can understand, but so complex no atheist can solve.”— Perry Marshall

However, instead of God using Intelligent Design to directly create every plant and animal six thousand years ago or relying only on random accidents to improve living things, science has recently demonstrated the cells themselves are actively trying to adapt and are creating,(59)(60) borrowing,(61) and merging(62) new biological information into their DNA. This conscious emergence of information by organisms seems to be much more interesting than the extreme positions many creationists and atheists take.(63)(64)

Conscious Emergence and Philosophy

As a result, a new origin of life theory called “Conscious Emergence” is proposed in the book. It is a synthesis that resolves the tension between the thesis of Intelligent Design and the antithesis of random accidents, according to the three-stage Hegelian dialectic model in philosophy.(65)(66) To see a quick summary of information about it, please go to the “A Comparison of Origin of Life Theories” table located earlier in this webpage. Conscious Emergence is based on evidence of cellular agency(67)(68)(69)(70) and further develops ideas about the role of error correction in evolution by Alfred Russel Wallace,(71) the often forgotten co-discover of natural selection. It also incorporates a version of natural theology proposed by Charles Babbage,(72) the “father of the computer.” This means it is a type of evolutionary creation(73) similar to the ideas promoted by Francis Collins, who wrote a book called the The Language of God and started the BioLogos Foundation.(74)

Conscious Emergence includes concepts like Natural Genetic Engineering (NGE)(75) by James Shapiro plus Denis Noble’s biological relativity(76) and harnessed stochasticity(77) (his name for adaptive mutation).(78)(79) It also includes multilevel/group selection(80)(81) and convergent evolution(82) as championed by Simon Conway Morris, where contrary to the butterfly effect,(83) the same basic forms keep showing up again and again in a kind of a repeatable “flies to the butter” attractor effect.(84) Most of this type of research has already been collectively described by others as “the third way of evolution,”(85)(86)(87) “Evolution 2.0,”(88)(89) or as part of an extended evolutionary synthesis.(90)(91)(92) It is additional evidence that we live in a participatory universe with an information-theoretic origin as proposed by theoretical physicist John Wheeler,(93)(94) on top of the following scientific discoveries that Conscious Emergence is also based on:

  • quantum delayed-choice experiments(95)(96)(97)
  • cosmic microwave background anomalies(98)(99)(100)(101)
  • problems with cosmic inflation(102)
  • critical point scale symmetries (which are fractal)(103)
  • quantum-critical biochemistry(104)(105)
  • quantum tunneling in DNA repair(106)(107)
  • patterns of punctuated equilibrium in the fossil record(108) and their similarity with the history of innovations by humans in areas like timekeeping(109) and aviation(110) (i.e., occasional large jumps in capability followed by long periods of no or only gradual improvements), which infers the presence of consciousness

Note: Conscious Emergence is a metalinguistic (meaning “beyond language”) theory of life’s origin that takes existing ideas in evolution like randomness, self-replication, and selection and combines them with additional principles based on recent discoveries by scientists. Some of these are the seeming appearance of retrocausality in quantum mechanics(111)(112) as well as unexpected connections between physics and holography.(113)(114)(115)(116)

There are also indications of cellular agency due to Lamarkian soft inheritance via epigenetic code,(117)(118)(119) the creation of brand new orphan/ORFan genes,(120)(121) genetic redundancy (where biological functions are buffered by multiple genes),(122)(123) and error correction of DNA. It turns out the “arrival of the fittest”(124) also depends on better fixes—as demonstrated by the increasing complexity of highly genetically conserved DNA repair mechanisms(125) which reduce replication errors in humans to less than one in a billion.(126)

This improvement of the error-correcting systems encoded in DNA is an example of what the author calls the “principle of error minimization” and it proves that there is more to evolution than just a bunch of random mutations and then natural selection by the environment.(127) This principle is also found in several other areas of biology which are discussed much later, such as the optimization of the genetic code against point mutations/mistranslation and how the brain minimizes prediction errors.

Of course, rather than living organisms just acting as observers of Wheeler’s “it from bit,”(128)(129) there appears to be a fractal Author composed of many authors drafting and then lovingly editing and correcting gaps in the story via “code from wit”. In other words, instead of a universe from nothing(130) or from an old man with a beard in the sky,(131) there is a Suprapersonal Consciousness(132)(133) entangled with each person as they choose to conscientiously help order, goodness, and life emerge or allow themselves to slide into chaos, evil, and death. These indications of “creatio ex informatio”(134) in a distributed “panexintheistic” (meaning both “all because of God” and “all then God”) process theology(135)(136) led me to study a broad spectrum of scientific fields and philosophy from the perspective of information theory. Especially key were significant insights about information by Robert Doyle, who describes himself as the “Information Philosopher.”(137) His insights include information’s value(138) in locally reducing entropy (which is a measure of disorder or uncertainty)(139) and its role in the solution to David Hume’s moral is–ought problem(140) plus a two-stage model of free will.(141)(142)

The research confirmed that while the universe has a material component, it also contains meaning symbolically encoded in information. In addition, in contrast to a statement by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins about how “the universe we observe has precisely the properties we should expect if there is, at bottom, no design, no purpose, no evil and no good, nothing but blind, pitiless indifference,”(143) there are also error-correcting systems which use code and logic to detect mistakes and repair information that has become corrupted by noise.(144)(145)(146) These facts helped inspire me to develop a new holistic explanation of the mind–body problem that is fractal and contains a recursive type of “information about information” known as code. It appears to be a breakthrough that resolves the problem of interactionism (or what connects mind and body together),(147)(148) which has existed in modern Western philosophy since René Descartes’s formulation of dualism nearly four hundred years ago.(149)(150)

History of the Mind-Body Problem

Information Trimonism: A Fractal Trinity

Similar to how Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity and the discovery of quantum mechanics extended classical physics, “Information Trimonism” extends the ideas of many philosophers, as shown in the diagram above. It is based on the observation that “organizational” codes with symbols containing meaning such as those found in DNA are always present along with physical atoms (or body) as well as mental consciousness (or mind) in living beings. Information Trimonism links these three aspects of information with fractals (see a diagram on the Summary webpage for more details), the semiotic triangle(151)(152)(153) of language,(154) and the theological doctrine of God as an intertwined Trinity(155)(156)(157) in a way that can be considered aesthetically pleasing.(158) In addition, these aspects (described as “substance attributes” by Baruch Spinoza)(159)(160) of physical extension, a newly identified “organizational communication”, and mental thought echo the subjects of grammar, rhetoric, and logic in the liberal arts plus the data, information, and knowledge hierarchy of information science.

“The whole of philosophy in this way resembles a circle of circles. The Idea appears in each single circle, but, at the same time, the whole Idea is constituted by the system of these peculiar phases, and each is a necessary member of the organisation.”— G. W. F. Hegel in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817)(161)
(Incidentally, a modern Information Trimonism-based interpretation of this quote would be: “Instead of turtles all the way down,(162) it is information all the way around.”)(163)

Information Trimonism can be thought of as a fractal twist of the linguistic turn in philosophy (which was originally developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein and others)(164) that is based on information theory with code acting as a container or language conduit.(165) Or Information Trimonism can alternatively be seen as a version of Karl Popper’s three worlds(166) involving self-similar patterns of syntax, semantics, and a type of pragmatics emphasizing the differing emotions generated by the context of a message. This means it describes the weaving together of a suprapersonal, personal, and intrapersonal holarchy(167) of objective reality, “collective” codes, and the subjective feelings which individuals create relative to their beliefs about the other two.

Information Trimonism also adds a middle layer of code or mental representation(168) comparable to a hidden layer of nodes in an artificial neural network(169) to the thesis of multiple realizability originally formulated by Hilary Putnam.(170) This architecture allows the same mental state to theoretically have different physical implementations,(171) as long as the code is adjusted to compensate. It also helps to bridge “Leibniz’s gap”(172) that exists between physical mechanisms and mental perceptions. The fractal nature of Information Trimonism additionally supports one of Putnam’s arguments for semantic externalism,(173) where he points out a linguistic community is necessary in order to help a person make meaning.

Information Trimonism may provide clues as to why we have subjective experiences known as qualia. Incidentally, this question of why cognition is accompanied by experience has recently been reformulated as the “hard problem of consciousness” by philosopher David Chalmers.(174)(175) The nature of qualia has also been discussed in a “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” paper(176) by Thomas Nagel (who has additionally written about natural teleology)(177) as well as the knowledge argument or “Mary’s room” thought experiment(178) by Frank Jackson. Even if Information Trimonism is unable to offer any insights into subjective experiences, it can be combined with ideas like the Integrated Information Theory (IIT)(179) of consciousness proposed by Giulio Tononi, the CIP Framework(180) by Federico Faggin, Value Realism(181) by David Rousseau, and the Somatic Marker Hypothesis(182) by Antonio Damasio that suggests emotions guide behavior.

The interdependent relationships between the aspects of Information Trimonism:

  • body = code + mind (from quantum delayed-choice experiments)
  • code = mind + body (from knowledge of how humans formulate languages)
  • mind = body + code (from scientific observations of living creatures)

Information Trimonism can also be the basis for brand new observations. One example of the three aspects of Information Trimonism that may be familiar to people involves a social construct known as money.(183) At the physical level, a coin objectively has a third side known as the edge which is normally overlooked but connects heads and tails similar to how biological codes sit between mind and body. A coin also carries stamped codes containing information important to a collective group of people, and it actually has three separate conceptual values. These range from a mentally subjective market value (which can vary greatly from the encoded legal value if the coin is rare) to the intrinsic or melt value of the physical metal.

Interestingly, someone starting with little or no money who is informed they are now “worth a million dollars” will almost certainly react differently than a person who originally had a billion dollars—even though both of them currently have exactly the same amount of money. This resembles what occurs when fans of opposing sports teams have very different subjective feelings after a scoring play (like a goal in soccer), although they both collectively agree about the meaning encoded by the sport’s rules into the objective event of a ball crossing a line. Information Trimonism can be applied to other far-ranging examples such as the model of events, beliefs, and emotions in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), the science of music, and even the mathematical theory of all communication created in the 1940s by Claude Shannon.

Information Trimonism and Communication

From Turing Machines to Holographic Minds?

Like the philosophical theory of machine-state functionalism(184) by Hilary Putnam, the three aspects of Information Trimonism can be superficially compared to the elements associated with a Turing machine. This idealized model of all computation consists of a physical read/write head with storage tape, an instruction table containing code, and a state register that tracks the current step of a calculation in a quasi-mindlike fashion. The comparison can then be recursively applied to just the code because variable assignment statements, function pointer dereferencing (which allows computer code to be dynamically linked), and self-modifying reflective metaprogramming in some modern programming languages outwardly follow the same three-fold pattern of increasing virtualization. This triple progression can also be seen in the instantiated objects, interfaces (which encode information about code), and abstract classes of object-oriented programming. It additionally applies to the physical, logical, and high-level conceptual models used when planning enterprise information systems architecture.

However, as the philosopher John Searle has argued when discussing whether artificial intelligence (AI) is conscious, a computer simulation of a fire does not burn things like an actual fire.(185) This is similar to how there is no symbol grounding or understanding of the meaning of the language being processed in his Chinese room thought experiment.(186) (Although a case could be made that the Chinese symbols may be grounded with very different meaning in Searle’s mind by his understanding of their relationship to the program’s instructions.) So the overall comparison with computers breaks down at the conscious level, because only the external human circuit designers, coders, and application users currently appear to be mentally “a-ware” of the meaning of the results generated by the layers of hardware and software. As mentioned earlier, the existence of this consciousness or qualia in humans and other organisms is a fundamentally hard problem to explain and it seems to be based on more than just processing raw data with algorithms.(187)

Problems related to consciousness in philosophy:

Name Question Solution
Mind–body What is the connection? Code in fractal patterns
Symbol grounding How is meaning understood? Maybe holographic?
Hard problem (qualia) Why is there feeling? Maybe fundamental?

Instead, the biological computation(188)(189) and embodied cognition(190) associated with consciousness might be something like a holographic(191)(192) version of Plato’s Cave(193)(194) involving a “code field” which is conceived as being analogous to a five-dimensional light field.(195) Each part of the underlying physical architecture that potentially gives rise to this hypothetical code field could contain fractal and ergodic (a technical term for irregular regularity or statistically similar)(196) patterns of information about the whole.(197)(198)(199)(200)

The “surface” of these patterns of “information in formation” would appear to be random like the speckle patterns in holographic film,(201) the messages transmitted by certain error-correcting codes,(202) streams of bits in stochastic computing,(203)(204) and even weights between layers of nodes in AI.(205)(206) Incidentally, these four examples run counter to Richard Dawkins’s claim about life being “complicated things that give the appearance of having been designed for a purpose,” because they show there are random things that may (or may not) subjectively appear to be complicated even though they are actually a result of purposeful design.

However, the “cross section” of this code field of information would appear to have interference fringes (similar to the supernumerary bands found in rainbows which were discussed earlier) that are arranged in nested hyperbolic lines of flux like the geometric model of holography.(207) This could create the logical equivalent of a flat map with virtual symbols which seem to pop up into three-dimensional space.(208) The shape of these symbols and therefore their relative linguistic meaning could shift depending on the perspective or mental interpretation they are observed with,(209)(210) while a deeper sense of self would still remain stable.(211)

Spacetime tells matter [Mind tells information] how to move; matter tells spacetime [information tells mind] how to curve.”— A quote by theoretical physicist John Wheeler summarizing Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity that has been modified so it applies to consciousness

This might be due to a conjunction of quantum(212)(213)(214)(215)(216) and classical(217) (or even a new type)(218) of error correction providing feedback similar to a centrifugal governor(219) or windmill fantail.(220) (Incidentally, although governors and fantails are not digital, they contain parts which mechanically symbolize/represent something else and generate an emergent non-physical control law described mathematically by a transfer function.)(221) In addition, the code field would be arranged in a way that allows the complex holographic logic in the brain(222)(223)(224)(225)(226) emerging from this theoretical matrix of information to have some kind of cybernetic(227) control over itself and the ability to choose how to adapt(228)(229) and modify its underlying physical structure.(230)(231) In other words, it would be a mind capable of self-organization.(232)

Holographic encoding between mind and body

Helping to Resurrect the Watchmaker Analogy

Taking my new philosophical model of Information Trimonism and using what I had learned about information theory, I realized any statement claiming only material things exist also carries symbolically encoded meaning. This results in a “materialist’s paradox” similar to the syntactical paradox in Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem in mathematics.(233)(234) It is also related to the symbol grounding problem(235)—and even if someone is eventually able to prove a digital code can originate naturally, it will still hold true. In addition, the non-physical meaning of the statement causes different subjective feelings (pro or con) in other people’s minds about what is being claimed depending on their current worldview, showing pure materialism to be false on multiple levels. To put it another way, while a person is not entitled to create their own private version of what a statement means, they are completely free to have their own individual feelings about the collectively agreed upon meaning. So matter matters, but code and emotions do too when it comes to information.

I also realized that significantly improving a recent improvement of William Paley’s watchmaker analogy (which actually dates back more than two thousand years to the time of Cicero)(236) by Perry Marshall would make it a valid teleological(237) argument after all, at least until someone finds a natural digital code. Perry Marshall has made an important breakthrough by being the first person I am aware of to identify that the element common to both watches and life is language.(238)(239) He has additionally pointed out the DNA repair systems found in the cells of living organisms are not random but purposeful,(240)(241) countering criticisms by David Hume and others.(242)

“What’s not random is the cell’s response to the threat. Damage is random. Repair is not.”— Perry Marshall

However, Perry Marshall’s appeal to the existence of some kind of external blueprint or an idea in someone’s mind which contains language and precedes the building of a watch can not be proven. In other words, he has not identified the correct location of the language. What needs to be taken into account instead is the objective encoding of information occurring inside of the watch (that winds up being displayed on its face) plus the presence of error-correcting mechanisms.

To be more specific, a watch measures physical movement via a controller (243) and encodes the discrete pulses on an indicator(244) such as a clock face or digital display for humans to read, in a much lesser version of how a cell uses language with symbols and meaning which has to be translated.(245)(246) So the information has actually been staring us right in the face all along in watches, although people have only been aware of its presence in biology since Francis Crick proposed the existence of protein-coding sequences in DNA(247)(248) that can be detected through Fourier analysis.(249) This ability to create and/or utilize information (which symbolically represents something else) shows measuring instruments like timepieces as well as living organisms are not just collections of mechanical parts arranged in patterns that can subjectively appear to some people like William Dembski to have specified complexity.(250)

In fact, the difference between information containing encoded “symbolic meaning” which causes(251) top-down(252)(253) real effects(254)(255) and objects that only have complicated physical features is analogous to the way an image and a randomly scrambled version of itself have completely different Fourier transforms (although the histograms measuring their pixel brightness will be exactly the same).(256) This is because in general, the magnitude part of an image’s Fourier transform will have a central blur with lines radiating out from it and/or a circular halo surrounding it, while a transform obtained from scrambled pixels will look darker and grayer but still be random like the static “snow” on a television set.(257) A typical Fourier transform of a non-random image can be seen above in the “Holographic Encoding Between Mind and Body” diagram.

“There cannot be a language more universal and more simple, more free from errors and from obscurities, that is to say more worthy to express the invariable relations of natural things.”— Joseph Fourier on mathematics in his book The Analytical Theory of Heat (1878)

There is a reason why these patterns of rays and cloudy arcs emerge in the Fourier transform of most images. Since a two-dimensional picture of something like a railroad track receding into the distance is affected by the requirements of railway engineering as well as the rules of three-dimensional perspective, the spatial arrangement of certain pixels is not entirely random and this gets represented in the Fourier transform. Along the same lines, it is possible to use the Fourier transform to prove an electronic clock signal with regular square wave pulses is not random because it results in frequency components that appear to make a wave of waves.(258) In contrast, the transform of a completely random white noise signal (which looks like an irregular zig-zag)(259) will just create another irregular zig-zag.

The existence of these hidden, underlying relationships between the various parts of images and signals that have non-random Fourier transforms helps to explain why information can also cause powerful feelings. An example of this would be a person who looks at their watch and realizes that the relationship between the hands and the numbers they are pointing to means they are running late to an event they want to be on time for, resulting in them becoming upset. This is in contrast to someone seeing a device displaying a bunch of random shapes or dots that have no relationship to anything, which typically will not generate much of an emotional response because they have no meaning to humans—even if they look complex.

In addition to encoding information, watches have a built-in feedback mechanism (which is a harmonic oscillator that keeps vibrating at a resonant frequency)(260) to correct errors so time can be represented with a code more accurately. Cells in living organisms also require error correction since they constantly need to fix their genetic information because of damage from random events and diseases. This allows them to stay alive and keep on performing important functions such as locally reducing entropy (261)(262)(263) and replicating their DNA.(264) Even artificial life simulations running genetic algorithms make use of error-correcting systems, but they are hidden throughout the computers in stock parts like high-end memory modules, hard drive reliability software, and redundant logic gates and never seem to be accounted for by researchers.

A Comparison of Systems with Error Correction

DNA Repair and a Logical Loop of Feedback

The various DNA repair systems found in cells apparently form a vital and interdependent relationship with the encoded instructions they not only rely on but also protect. This creates an emergent low-level “logical loop” of feedback which provides the stability necessary for the development of life. Other people have come to the same conclusion about the ability of biological systems to correct genetic errors as well,(265) based on research started in the 1970s due to the inherent instability of DNA molecules. The still ongoing research has revealed the existence of multiple repair mechanisms and recently won three scientists a Nobel Prize.(266)(267)(268) Since RNA is less stable than DNA,(269) even if the RNA world hypothesis of life’s origin is possible (and it may not be),(270) some kind of error correction has always been necessary.

Requirements of the logical loop of feedback:

  • Parts need code to carry and represent logic
  • Code needs logic to control and replicate parts
  • Logic needs parts to correct and repair code

This means that not only does evolution depend on the self-replication of cellular parts,(271)(272)(273) which depends on code,(274)(275)(276)(277) but it also depends on non-random error correction(278)(279)(280)(281) and mathematical principles (e.g., logical comparisons like XOR).(282) These DNA repair systems operate at a much deeper level and are more significant than the mere presence of complicated physical features proposed by some people like Michael Behe to have irreducible complexity.(283)(284) If anything in biology is irreducibly complex, it is actually the threefold relationship between the mechanical parts, the code with symbolic meaning, and the logic embedded in the error-correcting enzymes that appear to have all worked together in a feedback loop from the very beginning to make life possible. These are known scientifically as the proteome, genome, and regulome.

A comparison of terms from Intelligent Design (ID) and Conscious Emergence (CE):

Old ID terms describing complicated physical features (subjective) New CE terms describing symbolically encoded information (objective)
Specified complexity “Symbolic meaning”
Irreducible complexity “Logical loop”

This hypothesis is falsifiable (and therefore is scientific)(285) if someone can find a living organism which does not have any coded information or DNA repair systems, or is still able to evolve after one or both of them have been completely removed in the laboratory.(286)(287) Until then, DNA repair systems as well as the proofreading and editing of incorrectly charged transfer RNAs(288)(289)(290) in the biological translation process are further evidence that life is not a series of random accidents and the purely materialistic just-so stories told by some scientists are not true.(291)(292)(293)(294) (This is on top of the fact that evolution happens faster than what would be expected from chance alone.)(295)(296)(297)(298) Continuing to tell these incorrect stories now is comparable to attempting to peddle a perpetual motion machine after a hidden energy source (or error correction in this case) has been revealed.(299)

“If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ [feedback loop with parts, code, and logic] existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down [be revealed to only be one part of a larger system].”— A quote by Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species (1859) that has been modified to reflect the recent scientific discovery of DNA repair systems

The stories have unfortunately blocked or at least slowed down a lot of scientific progress in evolutionary biology until recently, when studies such as the still ongoing ENCODE project(300) proved most of the so-called “junk DNA”(301)(302)(303)(304) is actually functional and regulates the protein-coding genes. This helps explain why genome size is not correlated with the complexity of an organism, known as the C-value enigma.(305) Incidentally, this also means that the genomes of different species are kind of like different versions of a Rubik’s Cube solution guide, where the majority of information is about when biological systems should make a move or correction rather than a description of the move itself. In other words, junk DNA (now often called non-coding DNA) is similar to the bulk of the instructions written in regular English text along with images showing how the Rubik’s Cube should look at each stage, while rare protein-coding genes are equivalent to the occasional sequence of moves compactly encoded in Singmaster notation.(306)

Not only do the biological systems regulated by this non-coding DNA handle many types of errors in cells, but they are unexpectedly flexible—sometimes literally. For example, DNA base pairs have the ability to dissipate electromagnetic radiation(307) as well as flip and skew their orientation to absorb physical damage.(308) As far as the genetic code, several studies indicate it is optimized or fine-tuned on the order of one in a million in terms of error minimization,(309)(310)(311)(312)(313) although others suggest this redundancy is balanced with adaptability and the ability to carry parallel codes.(314)(315)(316)

“Much more than even physics, control is a mathematically oriented science. Control principles are always expressed in mathematical form and are potentially applicable to any concrete situation.”— Rudolf E. Kálmán, inventor of a filter or algorithm used widely in control engineering

Networks of neurons in the brain also use a “principle of error minimization” in the form of feedback loops(317) to make decisions in what is known as predictive coding,(318) active inference,(319) or free energy minimization.(320) This is essentially an information theory version of the principle of least action(321)(322) that was introduced by neuroscientist Karl Friston(323) and uses Bayesian inference to minimize prediction error (it also resembles Kalman filtering in engineering(324) or backpropagation in artificial neural networks). However, intelligence additionally seems to involve what the author calls a “principle of choice maximization,” as demonstrated in simulated systems that are programed to move toward configurations that maximize their ability to respond to further changes.(325) This means it may be possible to quantify the real effects or causal efficacy of biological information(326) and therefore its value by determining its efficiency at locally reducing entropy and minimizing errors while simultaneously maximizing choices.

A Biological Jacob’s Ladder and a TOE?

In general, biological information relies on control nodes acting non-randomly in systems such as gene regulatory networks.(327)(328)(329) So instead of only being subject to the laws of physics, life is also governed by layers of non-physical mathematical control laws. Multiple aspects of this error correction can be described with theorems(330)(331) by cyberneticians like W. Ross Ashby.(332) This includes the human desire to be ethical(333) and have the character to do the right thing morally(334)—even at a personal cost (in other words, have love)(335)(336)—because it maximizes the ability of other people to make choices. These control principles appear to indirectly connect the physical, mental, and spiritual realms(337)(338) of life (that are also discussed in the “A Comparison of Systems With Error Correction” table located earlier in this webpage) like a “Biological Jacob’s Ladder,”(339)(340) which is shown in the diagram below. This is similar to second-order cybernetics,(341) the practopoietic theory(342)(343) of system organization by Danko Nikolić, and even the idea of a level-crossing strange loop(344) by Douglas Hofstadter.

A "Biological Jacob's Ladder" of Information Feedback Loops

The Biological Jacob’s Ladder includes the principles of least action, error minimization (an information theory version of the least action principle that was discussed earlier), and choice maximization. In addition, it links together the three traditional branches of philosophical inquiry, which were divided by the ancient Greeks around the time of Plato into natural science, logic, and ethics.(345) This breakthrough is a bit like a Grand Unified Theory (GUT)(346) in particle physics where the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces are theoretically merged into a single force. The Biological Jacob’s Ladder could even be an intermediate step (or perhaps just a “toe-hold”) toward a holistic version of a Theory of Everything (TOE)(347) in Systems Philosophy,(348) which is known as a General Systems Theory (GST).(349)(350) For instance, it can be used to further help develop Robert Doyle’s information-based solution(351) to the is–ought problem and the related fact–value distinction,(352) resulting in the concept that “choosing to maximize information structures which maximize choice (by minimizing errors and locally reducing entropy) is good.”

Also, the Biological Jacob’s Ladder is recursive and fractal since it applies to entire human societies in addition to each individual. For example, scientists and engineers can use logic and machines governed by feedback to help develop cures for diseases,(353) including those caused by physical damage to DNA like cancer. Then spiritual leaders can use universal moral truths like the Golden Rule(354)—which is possible to prove with logic(355)—to create a just community(356) where as many people as possible are able to access these life-saving medical treatments. Perry Marshall calls this type of progress “Evolution Omega” instead of “Evolution Alpha” (which is simply another name for his cellular agency-based Evolution 2.0).(357) It is similar to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s biblically-inspired vision of all creation being pulled towards a state of divine unification called the Omega Point.(358)(359) See “The Fractal ‘Big Bridges’ Theory” and “The Emergence of a Fractal Body of Christ” diagrams on the Summary webpage for depictions of different aspects of this idea.

“Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me. . . . I see them before me and connect them immediately with the consciousness of my existence.”— Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher who based the source of morality on reason

Control Engineering and the Bible

The Biological Jacob’s Ladder also demonstrates the unreasonable effectiveness of control engineering principles in theology, similar to “the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences.”(360)(361) In particular, the Bible makes sense from a control theory perspective.(362) This is because rather than being non-overlapping magisteria,(363) there are actually “deep parallels” between the science of abstract formal systems(364) and revealed Christian theology.(365) Essentially, God is trying to minimize the grave consequences of non-existence (or death) due to self-inflicted data corruption (or sin).(366) He does this by offering an invaluable (367) moral error-correcting code in multiple formats which operates at the highest level of consciousness and life.

So on top of intentionally repetitive fractal written instructions,(368) God sent a living version of the holographic Message(369)(370)(371) of salvation in the physical form of Jesus(372) who said, “if you love Me, keep My commandments” (which symbolize if someone is a good person) as well as “love one another as I have loved you.” However, religious leaders did not understand and decided to destroy the Message instead of delivering it. After a timeout of three days, this error was corrected because God retransmitted the Message by raising Yeshua from the dead, demonstrating that His recovery system works and proving His Word is true.

“ ‘It means,’ said Aslan, ‘that though the Witch knew the Deep Magic, there is a magic deeper still which she did not know.’ ”— From C.S. Lewis’s book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)(373)

Despite doubts about miracles by David Hume,(374) this did not have to violate any of the laws of nature,(375)(376) just like the error-correcting systems found in biology and telecommunications which can physically restore information by using code and logic. In fact, the way parts of the physical world can be purposefully corrected with code is a window to a much deeper Truth. One way to visualize this is with a hologram of a statue of Jesus. If the top part of the hologram where the head appears to be is cut off and hidden (a metaphor for crucifying the real Jesus), it is still possible to tilt the remaining broken “body of Christ” piece and see the head,(377) although it will be a bit fuzzier.(378) It is also possible to re-create the top part of the hologram from what is left using mathematical algorithms.(379) The body can be observed in the top part too, similar to how Yeshua said, “anyone who has seen Me has seen the Father.”

“I believe in Christianity as I believe that the Sun has risen, not only because I see it but because by it, I see everything else.”— C.S. Lewis in his essay “Is Theology Poetry?” from the book The Weight of Glory (1949)

In addition to acting as a sign,(380) Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection also functioned as a controlled burn(381) against sin and behaved like an antifuse,(382)(383) creating a way for humans made in the image of God to have life more abundantly.(384) Later, God amplified the recovered Message at Pentecost after encoding it into a virtual format (sort of similar to a spiritual email)(385) that could be downloaded and integrated into people’s lives more easily.

Sadly, other religious leaders interfered again with the transmission of the Message by adding noise to the signal in the form of inaccurate translations in the Bible such as “hell” instead of the original Hebrew word “sheol”(386) as well as modern traditions like a now hyper-commercialized Christmas.(387) Fortunately, because the written word of God is fractal and redundant, a lot of people including myself have still learned information about Yeshua during the holidays of Easter and Christmas—even though they are only partially based on God’s appointed Holy Days which more and more Christians are beginning to become aware of and observe. It appears the ultimate error-correcting Message is in the process of being completely restored a second time in order to connect those who decide to love God and each other (see a diagram on the God’s Selfie webpage for more about this).(388) In the meantime, I hope the book I am writing helps to explain some of what God is doing so more people choose to be part of it.(389)

“As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts. . . . [S]o is my word that goes out from my mouth: It will not return to me empty, but will accomplish what I desire and achieve the purpose for which I sent it.”— Isaiah 55:9–11

The Biblical Holy Days Act Like a Digital Fountain Code
^^^ Click here to go to the top of the page ^^^

References (with comments)

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  113. Vienna University of Technology. “Is the universe a hologram?” [Note that “the holographic principle can also be realized in flat spaces. It is evidence for the validity of this correspondence in our universe”] phys.org
  114. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. “New math bridges holography and twistor theory.” phys.org
  115. Wikipedia contributors. “Holographic principle – Wikipedia.” [High-level summary section] en.wikipedia.org
  116. World Science Festival’s channel. “What is the Holographic Principle? – YouTube.” [2:59 min long clip from a video of a 2011 World Science Festival panel discussion on the holographic principle called “A Thin Sheet of Reality: The Universe as a Hologram”] www.youtube.com
  117. Seymour Garte. “Darmarckian Evolution | The Book of Works.” thebookofworks.com
  118. Wikipedia contributors. “Lamarckism – Wikipedia.” [Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance section] en.wikipedia.org
  119. Wikipedia contributors. “C. H. Waddington – Wikipedia.” [Epigenetic landscape section. Note the nearby diagram that shows “Waddington’s genetic assimilation compared to Lamarckism, Darwinian evolution, and the Baldwin effect. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change”] en.wikipedia.org
  120. Emily Singer. “How New Genes Arise from Scratch | Quanta Magazine.” www.quantamagazine.org
  121. Wikipedia contributors. “Orphan gene – Wikipedia.” [Sources section] en.wikipedia.org
  122. Denis Noble. “Differential and integral views of genetics in computational systems biology | Interface Focus.” [Note Figure 3, which models a genetic buffering mechanism of the sinus node pacemaker of the heart] royalsocietypublishing.org
  123. Wikipedia contributors. “Genetic redundancy – Wikipedia.” [Note that “the very existence of genetic buffering, and the functional redundancies required for it, presents a paradox in light of the evolutionary concepts”] en.wikipedia.org
  124. Wikipedia contributors. “Evolutionary developmental biology – Wikipedia.” [The origins of novelty section. Note the “surprising and, perhaps, counterintuitive (from a neo-Darwinian viewpoint) results of recent research” as well as “novelty may arise by mutation-driven changes in gene regulation”] en.wikipedia.org
  125. Wikipedia contributors. “DNA repair – Wikipedia.” [Evolution section. Note that “more complex organisms with more complex genomes have correspondingly more complex repair mechanisms.” This is similar to having a child’s lemonade stand not only grow into a multinational corporation with improved operating procedures (which allow it to cover all of its costs including overhead expenses like physical repairs), but also simultaneously develop better ways of making sure all of its procedures are copied correctly–such as with a xerox machine as opposed to by hand] en.wikipedia.org
  126. Wikipedia contributors. “DNA replication – Wikipedia.” [DNA polymerase section. Note that “these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 109 nucleotides added”] en.wikipedia.org
  127. IDquest’s channel. “David Berlinski: Rebelious Intellectual Defies Darwinism – YouTube.” [37:41 min long video, see from 5:19 to 6:32 although the entire video is interesting. Incidentally, similar to what Isaac Newton did with the law of gravity and planetary motion, the principle of error minimization increases the scientific rigor of the theory of evolution] www.youtube.com
  128. Rachel Thomas. “It from bit? | plus.maths.org.” plus.maths.org
  129. Wikipedia contributors. “Digital physics – Wikipedia.” [Wheeler’s “it from bit” section] en.wikipedia.org
  130. Wikipedia contributors. “A Universe from Nothing – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  131. Wikipedia contributors. “God the Father – Wikipedia.” [In Western art section] en.wikipedia.org
  132. Wikipedia contributors. “Anima mundi – Wikipedia.” [Note that in Jewish mysticism, the all-encompassing “Supernal Wisdom” that transcends, orders, and vitalises all of creation may be apprehended by a perfect tzaddik (holy man) empowered to mitigate all division and conflict within creation. This concept is similar to that of Yeshua (Jesus)] en.wikipedia.org
  133. Wikipedia contributors. “Cosmic Consciousness – Wikipedia.” [Similar concepts section] en.wikipedia.org
  134. Emerging Technology from the arXiv contributors. “Physicists Convert Information Into Energy – MIT Technology Review.” www.technologyreview.com
  135. Wikipedia contributors. “Process theology – Wikipedia.” [God and the World relationship section. Incidentally, a similar concept was expressed by Ibn Arabi, a Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher who lived during the 12th and 13th centuries and who said, “God sleeps in the rock, dreams in the plant, stirs in the animal, and awakens in man”] en.wikipedia.org
  136. Wikipedia contributors. “Supernatural – Wikipedia.” [Process theology section] en.wikipedia.org
  137. Robert Doyle. “Information.” www.informationphilosopher.com
  138. Robert Doyle. “Value.” [Note that “Information philosophy replaces the difficult problem of ‘Does God exist?’ with the more tractable problem ‘Does Goodness exist?’ ”] www.informationphilosopher.com
  139. Wikipedia contributors. “Entropy – Wikipedia.” [Philosophy and theoretical physics section] en.wikipedia.org
  140. Wikipedia contributors. “David Hume – Wikipedia.” [Ethics section] en.wikipedia.org
  141. Robert Doyle. “The Cogito Model.” www.informationphilosopher.com
  142. Robert Doyle. “Martin Heisenberg.” www.informationphilosopher.com
  143. Wikiquote contributors. “Richard Dawkins – Wikiquote.” [River out of Eden (1995) section] en.wikiquote.org
  144. Wikipedia contributors. “Error detection and correction – Wikipedia.” [History section. Note that Jewish scribes copying the Hebrew Bible formalized techniques like counting the number of letters as well as words in a line, section, book and groups of books to ensure accurate reproduction of the sacred text] en.wikipedia.org
  145. Wikipedia contributors. “Error detection and correction – Wikipedia.” [Principles section. Incidentally, error correction uses logic, and is similar to playing the murder mystery game Clue where it is possible to figure out who the murderer is by using evidence] en.wikipedia.org
  146. Khan Academy Labs’ channel. “Error correction | Journey into information theory | Computer Science | Khan Academy – YouTube.” [5:24 min long video] www.youtube.com
  147. Wikipedia contributors. “Interactionism (philosophy of mind) – Wikipedia.” [Problem of causal interaction section] en.wikipedia.org
  148. Wikipedia contributors. “Mind–body problem – Wikipedia.” [Interactionism section] en.wikipedia.org
  149. Wikipedia contributors. “René Descartes – Wikipedia.” [Mind–body dualism section] en.wikipedia.org
  150. Wikipedia contributors. “Ghost in the machine – Wikipedia.” [“Descartes’ Myth” section. Incidentally, instead of saying there is a “ghost in the machine,” it appears that spirit “matters” just as much (i.e., it is as true to say that spirit has a physical shell around itself). More importantly, rather than there being a substance dualism where mind and body are two separate things, everything is one substance known as information and code is a third aspect of it that connects its other aspects of mind and body] en.wikipedia.org
  151. Wikipedia contributors. “Triangle of reference – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  152. Wikipedia contributors. “Semiotics – Wikipedia.” [Charles Sanders Peirce section. Note the triadic relationship of object, sign, and interpretant. Incidentally, there is an interesting quote by John Locke earlier on the webpage that explains how science may be divided into three parts] en.wikipedia.org
  153. Wikipedia contributors. “Charles Sanders Peirce – Wikipedia.” [Semiotic elements section] en.wikipedia.org
  154. Wikipedia contributors. “Language – Wikipedia.” [Structure section] en.wikipedia.org
  155. Wikipedia contributors. “Trinity – Wikipedia.” [Perichoresis section] en.wikipedia.org
  156. Perry Marshall. “Information Theory and the Trinity.” [Incidentally, Perry Marshall wrote this blog post—which includes the concept that “the communication system itself is one of the most vital fractal patterns in the universe”—after I shared my ideas about Information Trimonism with him] evo2.org
  157. Evolution 2.0’s channel. “Information, Communication, and the Trinitarian Concept of God – YouTube.” [5:21 min long video of Perry Marshall. Note the observation that communication is a reflection of the Trinity. Incidentally, this video inspired a lot of the ideas in Information Trimonism] www.youtube.com
  158. Wikipedia contributors. “Aesthetics – Wikipedia.” [Aesthetics and science section. Note the supposition “that every observer continually tries to improve the predictability and compressibility of their observations by identifying regularities like repetition, symmetry, and fractal self-similarity”] en.wikipedia.org
  159. Wikipedia contributors. “Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza – Wikipedia.” [Attributes section] en.wikipedia.org
  160. Wikipedia contributors. “Ethics (Spinoza book) – Wikipedia.” [Structure of reality section] en.wikipedia.org
  161. Wikipedia contributors. “Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences – Wikipedia.” [Structure section] en.wikipedia.org
  162. Wikipedia contributors. “Turtles all the way down – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  163. Wikipedia contributors. “Self-reference – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  164. Wikipedia contributors. “Linguistic turn – Wikipedia.” [Russell and Wittgenstein section] en.wikipedia.org
  165. Wikipedia contributors. “Conduit metaphor – Wikipedia.” [Major framework section] en.wikipedia.org
  166. Wikipedia contributors. “Karl Popper – Wikipedia.” [Popper’s three worlds section] en.wikipedia.org
  167. Wikipedia contributors. “Holarchy – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  168. Wikipedia contributors. “Mental representation – Wikipedia.” [Representational theories of mind section] en.wikipedia.org
  169. Wikipedia contributors. “Artificial neural network – Wikipedia.” [Gallery section] en.wikipedia.org
  170. Wikipedia contributors. “Hilary Putnam – Wikipedia.” [Multiple realizability section] en.wikipedia.org
  171. Wikipedia contributors. “Digital infinity – Wikipedia.” [The computational theory of mind section. Especially note the quote at the end by Steven Pinker] en.wikipedia.org
  172. Wikipedia contributors. “Leibniz’s gap – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  173. Wikipedia contributors. “Semantic externalism – Wikipedia.” [Arguments for externalism section] en.wikipedia.org
  174. Wikipedia contributors. “Hard problem of consciousness – Wikipedia.” [Chalmers’ formulation section] en.wikipedia.org
  175. Closer To Truth’s channel. “David Chalmers – Why is Consciousness so Mysterious? – YouTube.” [11:57 min long video with host Robert Lawrence Kuhn, see from 5:38 to 9:50 although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  176. Wikipedia contributors. “Thomas Nagel – Wikipedia.” [What is it like to be a something section] en.wikipedia.org
  177. Wikipedia contributors. “Thomas Nagel – Wikipedia.” [Natural selection and consciousness section] en.wikipedia.org
  178. Wikipedia contributors. “Knowledge argument – Wikipedia.” [Thought experiment section] en.wikipedia.org
  179. Wikipedia contributors. “Integrated information theory – Wikipedia.” [Relationship to the “hard problem of consciousness” section] en.wikipedia.org
  180. The Mindscience of Reality Symposium. “Federico Faggin – The Mindscience of reality.” [Incidentally, CIP stands for the cognitive, information, and physical spaces explained in the presentation abstract] mindscience.unipi.it
  181. Wikipedia contributors. “Systems philosophy – Wikipedia.” [Rousseau and value realism section] en.wikipedia.org
  182. Wikipedia contributors. “Somatic marker hypothesis – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  183. khanacademymedicine’s channel. “Social constructionism | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy – YouTube.” [2:45 min long video] www.youtube.com
  184. Wikipedia contributors. “Functionalism (philosophy of mind) – Wikipedia.” [Machine-state functionalism section] en.wikipedia.org
  185. Wikipedia contributors. “John Searle – Wikipedia.” [Artificial intelligence section] en.wikipedia.org
  186. Wikipedia contributors. “Symbol grounding problem – Wikipedia.” [Searle’s Chinese room argument section] en.wikipedia.org
  187. Wikipedia contributors. “Hubert Dreyfus – Wikipedia.” [Dreyfus’ criticism of AI section] en.wikipedia.org
  188. Wikipedia contributors. “Wetware computer – Wikipedia.” [The cell as a model of wetware section] en.wikipedia.org
  189. cosmiccontinuum’s channel. “Secrets Of The Human Cell – Part 3 – YouTube.” [9:45 min long video, from a talk by Bruce Lipton called “As Above, So Below: An Introduction To Fractal Evolution”] www.youtube.com
  190. Wikipedia contributors. “Embodied cognition – Wikipedia.” [Philosophical background section] en.wikipedia.org
  191. Wikipedia contributors. “Holography – Wikipedia.” [How it works section] en.wikipedia.org
  192. Physics Girl’s channel. “How 3D holograms work – YouTube.” [4:18 min long video] www.youtube.com
  193. Wikipedia contributors. “Allegory of the Cave – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  194. TED’s channel. “Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality | Anil Seth – YouTube.” [17:00 min long video, see from 7:08 to 14:13 although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  195. Wikipedia contributors. “Light field – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  196. Wikipedia contributors. “Ergodic process – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  197. HyperPhysics by Carl R. (Rod) Nave. “Holography.” [“When a piece is the whole” section] 230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu
  198. Wikipedia contributors. “Implicate and explicate order – Wikipedia.” [Holograms and implicate order section] en.wikipedia.org
  199. ThinkingAllowedTV’s channel. “Michael Talbot: Synchronicity and the Holographic Universe — Thinking Allowed w/ Jeffrey Mishlove – YouTube.” [11:19 min long video, see from the beginning to 3:37 although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  200. LitiHolo’s channel. “Introduction To Holography – 1972 – YouTube.” [16:29 min long video. See from 0:38 to 1:38 to watch what happens when a piece is cut out of a hologram, although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  201. Wikipedia contributors. “Holography – Wikipedia.” [Process section. Note the image of “a small part of an unbleached transmission hologram viewed through a microscope” showing that “the holographic information is recorded by the speckle pattern”] en.wikipedia.org
  202. Wikipedia contributors. “Turbo code – Wikipedia.” [Performance section] en.wikipedia.org
  203. Armin Alaghi and John P. Hayes. “Computing With Random Pulses Promises to Simplify Circuitry and Save Power – IEEE Spectrum.” [Note that the human nervous system transfers information by means of sequences of neural impulses that strongly resemble stochastic bitstreams] spectrum.ieee.org
  204. Wikipedia contributors. “Stochastic computing – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  205. Carlos E. Perez. “Deep Learning Machines are Holographic Memories – Intuition Machine – Medium.” [Note that “the memory capacity of a neural network seems to be highest the closer to random the weights are” and “fine tuning happens at the top.”] medium.com
  206. Carlos E. Perez. “Deep Learning: The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Randomness.” medium.com
  207. SPIE Digital Library. “Basic Principles and Applications of Holography.” [Chapter 10 of Tung H. Jeong and Lake Forest College’s book Fundamentals of Photonics (2008): pp. 381–417 in PDF format (click the “Download PDF” link to the right). See Figure 10-6 and Figure 10-7 in the “Applications of the Model” section] www.spiedigitallibrary.org
  208. personificationofme’s channel. “mind-blowing Seattle 3D holographic map – YouTube.” [51 sec long video] www.youtube.com
  209. Love Hate on Vimeo.” [14 sec long video of a hanging sculpture that spells two different words depending on the viewing angle] vimeo.com
  210. Art Insider’s channel. “Two-In-One Wire Sculptures Are Totally Mind-Bending – YouTube.” [57 sec long video of French artist Matthieu Robert-Ortis’s sculptures that show a different image depending on what angle you look at them] www.youtube.com
  211. Closer To Truth – Physics of the Observer’s channel. “Paul Davies – What are Observers? – YouTube.” [11:58 min long video with host Robert Lawrence Kuhn, see from the beginning to 3:38 although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  212. Natalie Wolchover. “How Space and Time Could Be a Quantum Error-Correcting Code | Quanta Magazine.” www.quantamagazine.org
  213. Fernando Pastawski. “Putting back the pieces of a broken hologram | Quantum Frontiers.” quantumfrontiers.com
  214. Beni Yoshida. “Quantum gravity from quantum error-correcting codes? | Quantum Frontiers.” quantumfrontiers.com
  215. S. James Gates Jr. “Symbols of Power: Adinkras and the Nature of Reality | The On Being Project.” [See the “From theoretical physics to codes” section near the bottom of the page] onbeing.org
  216. HiddenHalo’s channel. “James Gates Shocks Neil DeGrasse Tyson We Live In A Computer Simulation – YouTube.” [4:54 min long video from the “2011 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate: The Theory of Everything” at the American Museum of Natural History] www.youtube.com
  217. Wikipedia contributors. “Coding theory – Wikipedia.” [Neural coding section] en.wikipedia.org
  218. Ames Laboratory. “Researchers discover skyrmions can split like biological cells” [Note that “skyrmions can annihilate imperfections in the lattice pattern by self-splitting (similar to cell reproduction), a kind of self-healing process that has never been described before”] phys.org
  219. Wikipedia contributors. “Centrifugal governor – Wikipedia.” [Natural selection section. Note that feedback is also important for natural selection—as first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace (its co-discoverer along with Charles Darwin) in his quote about governors as a metaphor for the evolutionary principle] en.wikipedia.org
  220. Wikipedia contributors. “Windmill fantail – Wikipedia.” [Incidentally, the funny “Xzibit Yo Dawg” meme can be used to describe this as “Yo dawg, I herd you like windmills, so I put a windmill on yo windmill so you can have it not mill in the wind while you mill.”] en.wikipedia.org
  221. Wikipedia contributors. “Closed-loop controller – Wikipedia.” [Closed-loop transfer function section] en.wikipedia.org
  222. University of California – Berkeley. “Editing brain activity with holography: Using optogenetics and holographic projection, scientists aim to implant perceptions in brain — ScienceDaily.” www.sciencedaily.com
  223. Wikipedia contributors. “Holonomic brain theory – Wikipedia.” [Origins and development section] en.wikipedia.org
  224. Wikipedia contributors. “Holographic associative memory – Wikipedia.” [Note that while this may not be how the brain actually works, in the case of visual perception “humans can effortlessly change the focus from object to object without requiring relearning. HAM provides a computational model which can mimic this ability”] en.wikipedia.org
  225. ThinkingAllowedTV’s channel. “Karl Pribram: The Holographic Brain (excerpt) – A Thinking Allowed DVD with Dr. Jeffrey Mishlove – YouTube.” [5:44 min long video] www.youtube.com
  226. ThinkingAllowedTV’s channel. “Michael Talbot: Synchronicity and the Holographic Universe — Thinking Allowed w/ Jeffrey Mishlove – YouTube.” [11:19 min long video, see from 3:38 to the end although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  227. Wikipedia contributors. “Cybernetics – Wikipedia.” [In biology section] en.wikipedia.org
  228. Wikipedia contributors. “Adaptive system – Wikipedia.” [Benefit of self-adjusting systems section] en.wikipedia.org
  229. Wikipedia contributors. “Edge of chaos – Wikipedia.” [Adaptation section] en.wikipedia.org
  230. Wikipedia contributors. “Activity-dependent plasticity – Wikipedia.” [Role in learning section] en.wikipedia.org
  231. TEDx Talks’ channel. “After watching this, your brain will not be the same | Lara Boyd | TEDxVancouver – YouTube.” [14:24 min long video, see from 1:41 to 6:02 about neuroplasticity] www.youtube.com
  232. Wikipedia contributors. “Self-organization – Wikipedia.” [Cybernetics section] en.wikipedia.org
  233. Perry Marshall. “Gödel’s Incompleteness: The #1 Mathematical Breakthrough of the 20th Century.” evo2.org
  234. Wikipedia contributors. “Gödel’s incompleteness theorems – Wikipedia.” [Relationship with the liar paradox section] en.wikipedia.org
  235. Wikipedia contributors. “Symbol grounding problem – Wikipedia.” [Grounding process section] en.wikipedia.org
  236. Wikipedia contributors. “Watchmaker analogy – Wikipedia.” [William Paley section] en.wikipedia.org
  237. Wikipedia contributors. “Teleology – Wikipedia.” [Science section] en.wikipedia.org
  238. Perry Marshall. “Language and Design: Product of a Mental Process.” [See the two sections about Paley’s Design Argument near the bottom of the page] evo2.org
  239. Ann Gauger. “A Watch on a Heath — But What a Watch! | Evolution News.” evolutionnews.org
  240. Perry Marshall. “Memo To PZ Myers: Damage is Random. Repair is Not.” evo2.org
  241. Perry Marshall. “Telorexia – Blind to Purpose in Nature.” evo2.org
  242. Wikipedia contributors. “Watchmaker analogy – Wikipedia.” [Criticism section] en.wikipedia.org
  243. Wikipedia contributors. “Clock – Wikipedia.” [Controller section] en.wikipedia.org
  244. Wikipedia contributors. “Clock – Wikipedia.” [Indicator section] en.wikipedia.org
  245. Wikipedia contributors. “Translation (biology) – Wikipedia.” [Basic mechanisms section] en.wikipedia.org
  246. ndsuvirtualcell’s channel. “Translation – YouTube.” [3:32 min long video] www.youtube.com
  247. Wikipedia contributors. “Sequence hypothesis – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  248. IDquest’s channel. “DNA 101 How It Works and Why It’s Astounding – YouTube.” [4:21 min long video with Stephen Meyer, see from the beginning to 2:30 although the entire video is relevant. Note it took until 1965 for scientists to discover that life is something “whose seed is in itself,” which was revealed thousands of years earlier by God in Genesis 1:11] www.youtube.com
  249. Wikipedia contributors. “3-Base Periodicity Property – Wikipedia.” [History section] en.wikipedia.org
  250. Wikipedia contributors. “Specified complexity – Wikipedia.” [Criticism section] en.wikipedia.org
  251. Wikipedia contributors. “Causality – Wikipedia.” [Metaphysics section. Note that “causality can be used as a prior foundation from which to construct notions of time and space”] en.wikipedia.org
  252. Adam Frank. “How Does The World Work: Top-Down or Bottom-Up? : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture : NPR.” www.npr.org
  253. Closer To Truth’s channel. “Philip Clayton – How Can Emergence Explain Reality? – YouTube.” [13:25 min long video with host Robert Lawrence Kuhn, see from 8:38 to the end although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  254. Perry Marshall. “Atheists: Is Information Real?” evo2.org
  255. Stephen Meyer’s channel. “Dr. Stephen Meyer: What Kind of Information Does DNA Contain? – YouTube.” [4:36 min long video. Note that the information in DNA is meaningful or functional] www.youtube.com
  256. Girish Mallya. “Girish Mallya’s answer to What the difference between the Fourier Transform of an image and an image histogram? – Quora.” www.quora.com
  257. Wikipedia contributors. “Noise (video) – Wikipedia.” [Note the image showing “noise in a CRT television”] en.wikipedia.org
  258. Tendero’s answer. “Why Fourier series and transform of a square wave are different? – Signal Processing Stack Exchange.” dsp.stackexchange.com
  259. Wikipedia contributors. “White noise – Wikipedia.” [Note the image showing “the waveform of a Gaussian white noise signal plotted on a graph”] en.wikipedia.org
  260. Wikipedia contributors. “Clock – Wikipedia.” [Oscillator section] en.wikipedia.org
  261. Wikipedia contributors. “Entropy and life – Wikipedia.” [Negative entropy section. Incidentally, the first time I learned about the laws of thermodynamics and how entropy is always increasing in the universe, I wondered how it was possible for me to be alive and sitting in a college lecture at all. I already knew that there was information encoded in DNA with the genetic code and in later engineering classes I learned about feedback loops and error correction, but I did not understand how they were connected at the time. It was years later when I started writing this book that I realized the type of information in a cell’s DNA is extremely important as it has to correct problems on multiple levels. For example, if a cell were to only store information such as sporting event scores or the latest celebrity gossip, it would not be able to manage the physical repair processes that overcome entropy let alone the ones that correct errors in its encoded information] en.wikipedia.org
  262. Wikipedia contributors. “What Is Life? – Wikipedia.” [Schrödinger’s “paradox” section. Note that life is able to locally reduce disorder or uncertainty by actually causing more disorder in the rest of the universe] en.wikipedia.org
  263. DrJamesTour’s channel. “The Science & Faith Podcast – James Tour & Brian Miller: Thermodynamics and Origin of Life – YouTube.” [1:16:03 min long video, see from 9:41 to 13:10 (which is the “The Simultaneous Necessity of Molecular Engines & Information for Life” section) although the entire video is relevant.] www.youtube.com
  264. TheArchangel911’s channel. “Jordan Peterson shows you a video of DNA fixing itself – YouTube.” [8:31 min long video, see from 2:15 to 3:17 although the entire video is relevant. Incidentally, the embedded TEDx animation by Drew Berry does not actually show any of the error correction in the DNA replication process, despite the title] www.youtube.com
  265. Hugh Henry and Daniel Dyke. “Nobel-Winning DNA Research Challenges Evolutionary Theory.” www.reasons.org
  266. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 – Press release – NobelPrize.org.” www.nobelprize.org
  267. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 – Prize announcement – NobelPrize.org.” [Includes a 33:15 min long video of the announcement as well as a 9:26 min long video of an interview regarding the prize] www.nobelprize.org
  268. Vanderbilt University. “New class of DNA repair enzyme discovered — ScienceDaily.” www.sciencedaily.com
  269. Wikipedia contributors. “RNA world – Wikipedia.” [RNA in information storage section] en.wikipedia.org
  270. Seymour Garte. “RNA and the Origin of Life | The Book of Works.” [Note that “there is still no known mechanism for RNA to self-replicate”] thebookofworks.com
  271. Seymour Garte. “Replication (Part 2) | The Book of Works.” [Note the paradox that “accurate replication is required for evolution, and evolution is required for accurate replication”] thebookofworks.com
  272. Seymour Garte. “Replication and Evolution | The Book of Works.” [Note that “a smoothly continuous evolutionary path to high replication fidelity is impossible.” However, another blog post about the results of his replication fidelity paper (see https://thebookofworks.com/2020/11/17/my-latest-research-on-origin-of-life/) says that “contrary to expectation, cell populations with very low (even zero) replication fidelity can survive and evolve, although barely” and “with no replication fidelity at all, the minimum value of survival probability to avoid extinction is 95%.” Overall the paper “strongly suggests that early life could not have evolved without some dramatic jumps in the levels of both survival probability and the accuracy of cellular self-replication,” which indicates that the gradual random accidents of neo-Darwinism are not the only principle involved in the origin of life] thebookofworks.com
  273. Wikipedia contributors. “Self-replication – Wikipedia.” [Mechanical self-replication section] en.wikipedia.org
  274. Perry Marshall. “Frequently Asked Questions.” [Why couldn’t DNA have evolved question] evo2.org
  275. Wikipedia contributors. “Self-replication – Wikipedia.” [Theory section. Note that no exceptions to John von Neumann’s “a coded representation of the replicator” have yet been achieved] en.wikipedia.org
  276. Wikipedia contributors. “Karl Popper – Wikipedia.” [Origin and evolution of life section. Note the quotes near the middle “regarding DNA and the origin of life” which talk about the genetic code and “a disturbing riddle” plus “a really baffling circle”] en.wikipedia.org
  277. Closer To Truth’s channel. “Paul Davies – Gap Between Non-Life and Life – YouTube.” [10:48 min long video with host Robert Lawrence Kuhn, see from 7:06 to the end although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  278. Wikipedia contributors. “DNA repair – Wikipedia.” [Mechanisms section] en.wikipedia.org
  279. Wikipedia contributors. “Hypercycle (chemistry) – Wikipedia.” [Error threshold problem section. Note that the hypercycle is actually a purely theoretical formulation. In fact, earlier in the Wikipedia article it is explained as “an abstract model of organization of self-replicating molecules connected in a cyclic, autocatalytic manner.” The article also says “we still lack the experimental demonstration of hypercycles”] en.wikipedia.org
  280. Wikipedia contributors. “Error threshold (evolution) – Wikipedia.” [Eigen’s Paradox section. Note that “a number of solutions to this paradox have been proposed,” but it turns out there are problems with them. Apparently the stochastic corrector model does not scale up very well. In addition, even though the size of a relaxed error threshold is larger, life is still being governed by non-random logical principles almost immediately] en.wikipedia.org
  281. DrJamesTour’s channel. “The Science & Faith Podcast – James Tour & Brian Miller: Thermodynamics and Origin of Life – YouTube.” [1:16:03 min long video, see from 22:40 to 26:45 in the “Chemical Selectors, Autonomy, the Problem of Fidelity, and Eigen’s Paradox” section although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  282. Wikipedia contributors. “Exclusive or – Wikipedia.” [Truth table section] en.wikipedia.org
  283. Wikipedia contributors. “Irreducible complexity – Wikipedia.” [Response of the scientific community section] en.wikipedia.org
  284. Wikipedia contributors. “Watchmaker analogy – Wikipedia.” [Contemporary usage section] en.wikipedia.org
  285. Wikipedia contributors. “Falsifiability – Wikipedia.” [The problem of induction section] en.wikipedia.org
  286. Clyde A. Hutchison III et al [including J. Craig Venter]. “Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome.” [PDF from Science Vol. 351 Issue 6280 (25 March 2016) p.1414 to aad6253-11. Note that as shown in Fig. 6 at the bottom of page 7, despite shrinking the genome to 473 minimal genes (with an encoded size of 531 kilobase pairs), 41% of them are still required for reading and expressing genome information while 7% are still required for the preservation of genome information] cba.mit.edu
  287. Wikipedia contributors. “Mycoplasma laboratorium – Wikipedia.” [JCVI-syn3.0 section] en.wikipedia.org
  288. Seymour Garte. “My Favorite Enzyme Part 3 (Final) | The Book of Works.” [Note that “we have no idea what came before and how the present universal system evolved, since it’s this system that is the biochemical key to evolution.” Incidentally, there seems to be a connection between the physical shape of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase editing sites and the charged tRNAs containing anticodons, which means it might be possible to analyse them and derive the origin of the genetic code] thebookofworks.com
  289. JM Berg, JL Tymoczko, L. Stryer. “Biochemistry. 5th edition.” [29.2.3. Proofreading by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Increases the Fidelity of Protein Synthesis section] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  290. Wikipedia contributors. “Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase – Wikipedia.” [Mechanism section] en.wikipedia.org
  291. Perry Marshall. “ ‘Not only has Dawkins ruined science. He’s ruined atheism too.’ ” evo2.org
  292. Perry Marshall. “Yes, Richard Dawkins is Obsolete.” evo2.org
  293. Perry Marshall. “Jerry Coyne Evades Evolution 2.0.” evo2.org
  294. Stephen Meyer’s channel. “Stephen Meyer Critiques Richard Dawkins’s ‘Mount Improbable’ Illustration – YouTube.” [4:57 min long video. Incidentally, in order to metaphorically climb up the backside of “Mount Improbable,” the gradually sloping trail of small steps actually requires constant fixing or error correction because it is always in the process of crumbling due to the inherent instability of DNA molecules. Basically, “the floor is lava”—which is a fun way of saying that the back of the mountain would really be having constant eruptions with molten rock flowing down] www.youtube.com
  295. Perry Marshall. “Evolution Fist Fight at the Wistar Institute.” [Note the page also contains a 36:51 min long video of a talk titled “British Biologist Denis Noble Debunks Neo Darwinism”] evo2.org
  296. Perry Marshall. “Royal Society’s ‘New Trends in Biological Evolution’ – A Bloodless Revolution.” [Note the “real-time plasticity of plants” and how “plants in low-light environments produce offspring with large, light-sensitive leaves, but identical plants in high-light environments birth offspring with small leaves”] evo2.org
  297. Brian Miller. “Evolution Is Best Explained by Engineering | Evolution News.” evolutionnews.org
  298. Discovery Science’s channel. “Information Enigma: Where does information come from? – YouTube.” [20:59 min long video featuring Stephen Meyer, a philosoper of science, and molecular biologist Douglas Axe. See from 5:38 to 16:35 although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  299. Wikipedia contributors. “Cargo cult science – Wikipedia.” [Feynman’s speech section. Note that physicist Richard Feynman “cautioned that to avoid becoming cargo cult scientists, researchers must avoid fooling themselves, be willing to question and doubt their own theories and their own results, and investigate possible flaws in a theory or an experiment”—something many evolutionary biologists have not done] en.wikipedia.org
  300. Wikipedia contributors. “ENCODE – Wikipedia.” [Production Phase Results section] en.wikipedia.org
  301. Andrew Moore. “That ‘Junk’ DNA … Is Full of Information! – Advanced Science News.” [Note the “genomic code”—a structural code that defines the shape and compaction of DNA. It is embodied in the high-GC tracts of the genome and overlaps protein coding sequences] www.advancedsciencenews.com
  302. Perry Marshall. “The 80/20 of ‘Junk DNA’.” evo2.org
  303. Perry Marshall. “Testable Hypothesis for Intelligent Design, Pt 2.” [Note that most of the predictions about “Junk DNA” being functional have come true] evo2.org
  304. Wikipedia contributors. “Non-coding DNA – Wikipedia.” [Junk DNA section] en.wikipedia.org
  305. Wikipedia contributors. “C-value – Wikipedia.” [Variation among species section] en.wikipedia.org
  306. Wikipedia contributors. “Rubik’s Cube – Wikipedia.” [Move notation section] en.wikipedia.org
  307. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. “Base-pairing protects DNA from UV damage.” phys.org
  308. Marla Vacek Broadfoot. “DNA’s Dynamic Nature Well-Suited for Blueprint of Life | Duke Today.” today.duke.edu
  309. Stephen J. Freeland and Laurence D. Hurst. “The Genetic Code Is One in a Million.” [PDF from Journal of Molecular Evolution Vol. 47 (1998): pp. 238-248] www.webpages.uidaho.edu
  310. Brian Hayes. “Ode to the Code.” [PDF from American Scientist Vol. 92, No. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 2004): pp. 494-498] bit-player.org
  311. Victor A. Gusev and Dirk Schulze-Makuch. “Genetic code: Lucky chance or fundamental law of nature?” [PDF from Physics of Life Reviews Vol. 1 (2004): pp. 202–229] www.webpages.uidaho.edu
  312. Keith McPherson. “Error Control Coding in Biology Implies Design, Part 2 (of 5).” www.reasons.org
  313. Fazale Rana. “FYI: I.D. IN DNA Deciphering Design in the Genetic Code.” www.reasons.org
  314. Stephanie Seiler. “Scientists discover double meaning in genetic code | UW News.” www.washington.edu
  315. Shalev Itzkovitz and Uri Alon. “The genetic code is nearly optimal for allowing additional information within protein-coding sequences.” [PDF from Genome Research Vol. 17 (2007): pp. 405–412] genome.cshlp.org
  316. TheWordisalive’s channel. “DNA The Genetic Code Error Minimization Parallel Codes.” [10:00 min long video from a talk by Fazale Rana called “The Cell’s Design: How Biochemistry Reveals the Work of a Creator.” See from 6:57 to 8:46 although the entire video is relevant] www.metacafe.com
  317. Wikipedia contributors. “Perceptual control theory – Wikipedia.” [Neuroscience section. Note the suggestion of a reorganizing process “reducing outputs that cause error and increasing those that reduce error”] en.wikipedia.org
  318. Duke Today Staff. “Brain’s Visual Circuits do Error Correction on the Fly | Duke Today.” today.duke.edu
  319. Wikipedia contributors. “Predictive coding – Wikipedia.” [Active inference section. Note that it is described as a “principle of prediction error minimization”] en.wikipedia.org
  320. Wikipedia contributors. “Free energy principle – Wikipedia.” [Relationship to other theories section. Note that “the principle of minimum variational free energy is a principle of least action.”] en.wikipedia.org
  321. Wikipedia contributors. “Principle of least action – Wikipedia.” [Maupertuis section] en.wikipedia.org
  322. Sabine Hossenfelder’s channel. “The Closest We Have to a Theory of Everything – YouTube.” [13 min and 27 sec long video, see from 5:36 to 10:27 for a discussion of the principle of least action—although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  323. Shaun Raviv. “The Genius Neuroscientist Who Might Hold the Key to True AI | WIRED.” www.wired.com
  324. Wikipedia contributors. “Bayesian approaches to brain function – Wikipedia.” [Predictive coding section. Note the Free energy section directly below as well] en.wikipedia.org
  325. Don Monroe. “Physics – Focus: Model Suggests Link between Intelligence and Entropy.” physics.aps.org
  326. Sara Imari Walker and Paul C. W. Davies. “The algorithmic origins of life | Journal of The Royal Society Interface.” royalsocietypublishing.org
  327. Sara Imari Walker, Hyunju Kim, and Paul C. W. Davies. “The informational architecture of the cell | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.” [Note the quantification and comparison of effective information (how much the causal mechanisms of a network reduce the uncertainty about the possible prior states) and integrated information (how much the “the whole is more than the sum of its parts,” which is random)] royalsocietypublishing.org
  328. Wikipedia contributors. “Gene regulatory network – Wikipedia.” [Structure and evolution section] en.wikipedia.org
  329. John Ankerberg Show’s channel. “What are gene regulatory networks, and why are they a problem for Darwin’s theory? – YouTube.” [4:24 min long clip from the series “The Case for Intelligent Design” with Dr. Stephen Meyer. Incidentally, gene regulatory networks can change, but not randomly] www.youtube.com
  330. Wikipedia contributors. “Good regulator – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  331. Wikipedia contributors. “Variety (cybernetics) – Wikipedia.” [Law of requisite variety section] en.wikipedia.org
  332. Wikipedia contributors. “W. Ross Ashby – Wikipedia.” [Variety section] en.wikipedia.org
  333. Wikipedia contributors. “Ethical regulator – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  334. Wikiquote contributors. “Democritus – Wikiquote.” [Quotes section. Note that Democritus said, “strength of body is nobility only in beasts of burden, strength of character is nobility in man.” It is ironic that he talked about character, which is a non-physical moral quality, because he also famously claimed, “there are only atoms and the void.” Also ironically, he used code in the form of the Greek language to symbolically represent the non-physical thoughts in his mind] en.wikiquote.org
  335. Wikipedia contributors. “No Greater Love – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  336. Lex Clips channel. “Jordan Peterson: Meaning of Life – YouTube.” [4:15 min long video. Note that “the highest value is love and truth is its handmaiden” in his hierarchy of ideals plus the discussion about the Passion Story (of Jesus) and how we have the ability to choose how to act] www.youtube.com
  337. Wikipedia contributors. “Flammarion engraving – Wikipedia.” [Note that the engraving shows a person discovering what lies beyond the physical world and “has been used as a metaphorical illustration of either the scientific or the mystical quests for knowledge”] en.wikipedia.org
  338. tmcleanful’s channel. “Jordan Peterson pulls Christianity out of Sam Harris’ reductionist hat – YouTube.” [13:26 min long video, see from 4:34 to 10:01 although the entire video is relevant] www.youtube.com
  339. Alexander Poltorak. “Meaning of Life as Taught by Bayesian Angels | Torah and Science.” www.quantumtorah.com
  340. Wikipedia contributors. “Jacob’s Ladder – Wikipedia.” [Christianity section. Incidentally, the control principles that oppose the principle of least action and the tendency for physical things to always “fall down, go boom” from the heavens to earth (like in cartoons) matches what Jesus says about “the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.” Control principles also allow a way for God’s “will be done, on earth as it is in heaven”—although people have to choose to do so at a spiritual level] en.wikipedia.org
  341. Wikipedia contributors. “Second-order cybernetics – Wikipedia.” [Relationship to “first order” cybernetics section] en.wikipedia.org
  342. Danko Nikolić. “Practopoietic cycle (loop) of causation.” www.danko-nikolic.com
  343. Wikipedia contributors. “Adaptive system – Wikipedia.” [Hierarchy of adaptations: Practopoiesis section] en.wikipedia.org
  344. Wikipedia contributors. “Strange loop – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  345. Wikipedia contributors. “Philosophy – Wikipedia.” [Other subdivisions section] en.wikipedia.org
  346. Wikipedia contributors. “Grand Unified Theory – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  347. Wikipedia contributors. “Theory of everything – Wikipedia.” [Modern physics section. Although a TOE in physics would only describe particles and fields, Stephen Hawking has said, “it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we would know the mind of God.” Incidentally, it may be impossible to ever unify the hyperbolic mathematics of relativistic physics with the Fourier transform-based math of quantum mechanics. This is similar to how the hyperbolic geometric model of holography breaks down at a limit for “thin” holograms and Fourier transform-based wavefront computations have to be used instead] en.wikipedia.org
  348. Wikipedia contributors. “Systems philosophy – Wikipedia.” [The founding of systems philosophy section] en.wikipedia.org
  349. Wikipedia contributors. “Systems theory – Wikipedia.” [General systems research and systems inquiry section] en.wikipedia.org
  350. Wikipedia contributors. “Tektology – Wikipedia.” [Overview section] en.wikipedia.org
  351. Robert Doyle. “Value.” [See the “A Science of Morality?” and “An Information-based Moral Code?” sections, although the whole page is relevant] www.informationphilosopher.com
  352. Wikipedia contributors. “Fact–value_distinction – Wikipedia.” [David Hume’s skepticism section] en.wikipedia.org
  353. Wikipedia contributors. “The Human Use of Human Beings – Wikipedia.” [Science, law, and industry section. Note that the father of cybernetics says, “machines must be ‘used for the benefit of man, for increasing his leisure and enriching his spiritual life, rather than merely for profits and the worship of the machine as a new brazen calf’ ”] en.wikipedia.org
  354. Wikipedia contributors. “Golden Rule – Wikipedia.” [Religious context section] en.wikipedia.org
  355. Harry J. Gensler. “The Golden Rule.” [Note that in the “Golden-rule books” section near the bottom of the page it says, “My Introduction to Logic, third edition (Routledge, 2017) has a chapter that formalizes a system of ethics, leading to a proof of the golden rule in symbolic logic.” Incidentally, Harry J. Gensler is a retired professor of philosophy from Loyola University Chicago] www.harryhiker.com
  356. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics’ channel. “Neil Turok Public Lecture: The Astonishing Simplicity of Everything – YouTube.” [1 hour, 35 min, and 13 sec long video, see from 29:44 to 30:28 for a discussion of logic-based mathematical proof and its connection with justice, although the entire video is interesting. For example, from 18:09 to 22:06 there is an explanation of the use of Fourier analysis to find a pattern of synchronicity hidden in the Cosmic Microwave Background known as the CMB power spectrum] www.youtube.com
  357. Perry Marshall. “Why Christians have Failed to Reckon with Good and Evil.” [See the information about terminology just below the video and above the transcribed text] evo2.org
  358. Wikipedia contributors. “Omega Point – Wikipedia.” [Evolution section] en.wikipedia.org
  359. Wikipedia contributors. “Cosmic Christ – Wikipedia.” [Modern ecotheology section] en.wikipedia.org
  360. Wikipedia contributors. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  361. drcraigvideos’ channel. “God and Mathematics – YouTube.” [5:03 min long video created by philosopher and theologian Dr. William Lane Craig’s Reasonable Faith organization] www.youtube.com
  362. Dan Simon. “Christianity and Control Theory.” [Incidentally, there also appears to be underlying connections between Christianity and the control theory concepts of observability and controllability] academic.csuohio.edu
  363. Wikipedia contributors. “Non-overlapping magisteria – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  364. Wikipedia contributors. “Formal science – Wikipedia.” [Incidentally, most people are probably already familiar with the formal sciences without realizing it. They are basically the fields of (information) technology, engineering, and math. These make up three quarters of the STEM acronym, which also includes the empirical natural and social sciences] en.wikipedia.org
  365. Wikipedia contributors. “Theological critical realism – Wikipedia.” [Note the aim of showing that “the language of science and Christian theology are similar, forming a starting point for a dialogue between the two.” For example, it is possible to conceive of a supracellular consciousness (which is what a human being actually is) being able to use scientific knowledge and laboratory equipment to take a dead cell from their body, repair it, and return it to life. This is something that would be impossible for an individual cell to do. In addition, it is also possible to conceive of using science to take DNA from a perfect individual cell, cloning it, and then putting it into all of the other cells in a body (which just so happen to be cancerous and would otherwise die). Both of these ideas parallel concepts in Christianity] en.wikipedia.org
  366. Wikipedia contributors. “Psalm 82 – Wikipedia.” [Christianity section. Note that Jesus quotes part of verse 6 (“I said, ‘You are gods’ ”) in John 10:34. However, he does not quote verse 7 (“But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes”) or previous verses that explain why God renders judgment among the gods] en.wikipedia.org
  367. Wikipedia contributors. “Psalm 19 – Wikipedia.” [King James Version section. Note that verse 10 says the law (or instruction), testimony, statutes, and commandment(s) of the Lord are “more to be desired are they than gold” and “sweeter also than honey.” Incidentally, the Psalm also talks about three levels of reality: physical matter, information in the form of commandments which “rejoice the heart” when kept, and error correction in the form of cleansing behavioral faults which also includes God being referred to as “my Redeemer”] en.wikipedia.org
  368. Wikipedia contributors. “2 Timothy 3 – Wikipedia.” [Verse 16 section, which explains the meaning of “All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness”] en.wikipedia.org
  369. Steven Lehar. “An Intuitive Explanation of Fourier Theory.” [PDF of viperold.york.ac.uk/…/fourier.html webpage (2010): pp. 1–9. See “The Optical Fourier Transform” section on page 5 and 6. Note that a Fourier transform can be used to describe what happens when a lens projects an image so information from every point is distributed over an entire screen, similar to a hologram. At the same time, parallel rays from the entire input image are focused onto a single central point on the screen, known as the DC component or term. This can be seen as a metaphor of the spiritual relationship between believers and Jesus—who said, “… I am in my Father, and you are in me, and I am in you.” Incidentally, the Fourier transform can be used to take a problem that is hard to solve in one domain (like the fact humans are sinful) and map it to a new domain where it is easy to solve (such as through Jesus’ atoning death, burial, and resurrection)] apps.usd.edu
  370. WikiArt contributors. “Calvary – Octavio Ocampo – WikiArt.org.” [Note that Jesus is fractal in the painting] www.wikiart.org
  371. Wikipedia contributors. “Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) – Wikipedia.” [Composition and meaning section. Note that while the painting is not fractal, “the union of Christ and the tesseract reflects Dalí’s opinion that the seemingly separate and incompatible concepts of science and religion can in fact coexist”] en.wikipedia.org
  372. The Bible Project’s channel. “How to Read the Bible: Biblical Story – YouTube.” [5:37 min long video] www.youtube.com
  373. Wikipedia contributors. “The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe – Wikipedia.” [Religious themes section] en.wikipedia.org
  374. Wikipedia contributors. “David Hume – Wikipedia.” [Problem of miracles section] en.wikipedia.org
  375. Wikipedia contributors. “Ninth Bridgewater Treatise – Wikipedia.” [Note that in his book on natural theology, Charles Babbage states: “It is more consistent with the attributes of the Deity to look upon miracles not as deviations from the laws assigned by the Almighty for the government of matter and of mind; but as the exact fulfilment of much more extensive laws than those we suppose to exist.” For example, Charles Babbage would not have known anything about the physics of quantum tunneling and its role in DNA repair, channel coding in information theory (which uses error-correcting codes), or the math describing control theory. Incidentally, after I learned about quantum tunneling when in college, I wondered if Jesus was able to “tunnel” through death in a similar way. However, a human body is not subatomic and therefore acts like a classical object, so since then I have realized that God had to use something else like information theory and holography] en.wikipedia.org
  376. The Veritas Forum’s channel. “Do the Laws of Nature Preclude the Possibility of Miracles? – YouTube.” [6:25 min long video from a talk by John Lennox called “Miracles: Is Belief in the Supernatural Irrational?” See from the beginning to 4:48] www.youtube.com
  377. LitiHolo’s channel. “What happens when you cut a hologram in half? – YouTube.” [1:38 min long video. Incidentally, it is possible to pretend that the dice on the left with one dot is the head of the statue of Jesus, while the rest of the dice represent the body of Christ part] www.youtube.com
  378. Wikipedia contributors. “Holography – Wikipedia.” [Fidelity of the reconstructed beam section] en.wikipedia.org
  379. Wikipedia contributors. “Computer-generated holography – Wikipedia.” [Wavefront computation section] en.wikipedia.org
  380. Wikipedia contributors. “Jonah – Wikipedia.” [In the New Testament section] en.wikipedia.org
  381. Wikipedia contributors. “Controlled burn – Wikipedia.” [Back burning section] en.wikipedia.org
  382. Wikipedia contributors. “Antifuse – Wikipedia.” [Note that “antifuses are widely used to permanently program integrated circuits (ICs),” such as programmable read-only memory (PROMs). This means an antifuse could be used to “burn” a chip, modifing it in a way that allows it to then automatically boot up when power is supplied (a metaphor for resurrection)] en.wikipedia.org
  383. The Bible Project’s channel. “Holiness – YouTube.” [6:34 min long video] www.youtube.com
  384. Wikipedia contributors. “Abundant life – Wikipedia.” [Teachings section] en.wikipedia.org
  385. Wikipedia contributors. “Holy Spirit – Wikipedia.” [Christianity section] en.wikipedia.org
  386. Wikipedia contributors. “Sheol – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  387. Wikipedia contributors. “Christmas – Wikipedia.” [History section] en.wikipedia.org
  388. Wikipedia contributors. “Allegory of the long spoons – Wikipedia.” en.wikipedia.org
  389. Wikipedia contributors. “Theosis (Eastern Christian theology) – Wikipedia.” [Deification section] en.wikipedia.org